By the end of Queen Victoria's reign, factories had become an inescapable part of the townscape, their chimneys dominating urban views. This book is concerned with the architecture, planning, and design of those factories that were part of the second wave of the industrial revolution. The geographical range encompasses the whole of the British Isles, while its time span covers the Victorian and Edwardian eras, 1837-1910, and the period leading up to World War I. It also looks back to earlier buildings and gives some consideration to the interwar years and beyond, including the fate of factory heritage in the 21st century.