Covering European migration and racism, this text focuses on the importance of demands for labour and political pressures for restrictions on immigration in the face of entrenched racisms and/or nationalisms. Specialists of each country not only tackle this subject but address the issues of gender and social class. What are the ratios of male to female immigration over time? What was/is the social class of immigrants? What work do women do? When and under what conditions have children joined their parents? The social and economic consequences of migration for countries which have lost large sections of their work force are also examined.