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Brian Williams (1) (1943–)

Autor(a) de Encyclopedia of World History (Children's Reference)

Para outros autores com o nome Brian Williams, ver a página de desambiguação.

230+ Works 3,196 Membros 22 Críticas

About the Author

Brian Williams is the author of numerous information books for young people, and particularly enjoys writing about world history and contemporary issues.

Séries

Obras por Brian Williams

World History Encylopedia (1998) 214 exemplares
Pocket History (1999) 78 exemplares
The Last 1000 Years (1999) 74 exemplares
Forts and Castles (1994) 42 exemplares
Understanding Norse Myths (2012) 41 exemplares
World History (Q & A Reference) (2000) 40 exemplares
DKfindout! World War II (2017) 35 exemplares
DKfindout! World War I (2018) 31 exemplares
The Sea (The World Around Us) (1991) 24 exemplares
Pirates (A First Look at History) (2005) 24 exemplares
War & Weapons (1979) 22 exemplares
Joan of Arc (1979) 22 exemplares
World of Animals (Tell Me About) (1990) 21 exemplares
Lightning (What on Earth?) (2005) 21 exemplares
The Black Death (Pitkin Guides) (2006) 21 exemplares
Book of Facts and Records (1989) 19 exemplares
The Superbook of Battles (1985) 16 exemplares
The Big Book of Facts (2007) 15 exemplares
Computers (Great Inventions) (2001) 14 exemplares
Space (Primary Explorers) (1673) 14 exemplares
Biggest and Best: The Way We Live (2004) 13 exemplares
Biggest and Best: Planet Earth (2001) 12 exemplares
Calendars (About Time) (2002) 12 exemplares
Latitude & Longitude (About Time) (2002) 11 exemplares
Communications (Great Inventions) (2001) 11 exemplares
Genghis Khan (1979) 11 exemplares
Napoleon Bonaparte (1979) 11 exemplares
Aircraft (1974) 11 exemplares
Orchids for Everyone (1980) — Contribuidor — 11 exemplares
Thomas Alva Edison (2002) 10 exemplares
Earth Time (About Time) (2002) 10 exemplares
World History Factfinder (1999) 10 exemplares
The Great Book of Battles (1981) 10 exemplares
Conquerors of Everest (1979) 10 exemplares
Measuring Time (About Time) (2002) 9 exemplares
Karl Benz (Pioneers of Science) (1991) 9 exemplares
Biggest and Best: History (2001) 9 exemplares
Winston Churchill (1988) 9 exemplares
Exploring Under the Sea (1900) 8 exemplares
Science (Great Inventions) (2001) 8 exemplares
Farming (Ways of Life) (1993) 8 exemplares
Ancient Roman Jobs (2002) 8 exemplares
The Ultimate History Quiz Book (2010) 8 exemplares
Trading (Ways of Life) (1993) 7 exemplares
Sensational 70's Quizbook (2000) 7 exemplares
Inventions and Discoveries (1979) 7 exemplares
First Picture Encyclopedia (1979) 7 exemplares
Biggest and Best: Universe (2001) 7 exemplares
Literature (The Arts) (1991) 7 exemplares
Sensational 60's Quizbook (2000) 7 exemplares
Under the sea (1978) 6 exemplares
Exploring War and Weapons (1978) 5 exemplares
Mining (Ways of Life) (1993) 5 exemplares
The Romans (2007) 5 exemplares
1000 Facts on World War II (2006) 5 exemplares
80s Quiz (2001) 5 exemplares
The Late Middle Ages (1993) 4 exemplares
Invaders (Pitkin Guides S.) (2004) 4 exemplares
Wonder Book of Animals (1981) 4 exemplares
The Early Middle Ages (1993) 4 exemplares
Trading Up : Indus Valley Trade (2007) 3 exemplares
Pirates (History Explorers) (2009) 3 exemplares
Book of Firsts (1993) 3 exemplares
Pilots in Peril (War Stories) (2011) 3 exemplares
The Ultimate Quiz Book History (2011) 3 exemplares
Special Forces (War Stories) (2011) 3 exemplares
Tudor secrets & scandals (2015) 3 exemplares
The Sea and Its Marvels (1997) 3 exemplares
Biggest and Best (2004) 2 exemplares
Space (Great Inventions) (2001) 2 exemplares
Les Chinois (1996) 2 exemplares
Come to Russia (1979) 2 exemplares
Life in a Medieval Castle (2011) 2 exemplares
All about under the sea (1978) 2 exemplares
Sensational 90s Quiz Book (2001) 2 exemplares
Forten en kastelen (1994) 1 exemplar
Fakta Paling Top : Alam kita (2005) 1 exemplar
Graven & schatten (1994) 1 exemplar
Marvellous Machines (1992) 1 exemplar
Ular Dan Reptilia 1 exemplar
Sensational 80's Quiz Book (2001) 1 exemplar
Book of Transport (1981) 1 exemplar
napoleon bonaparte 1 exemplar
Around The World Trivia Quiz (2002) 1 exemplar
The Vatican 1 exemplar
Strandene i Normandiet (2011) 1 exemplar
Trasporti (1993) 1 exemplar
Wonder Book of Battles (1981) 1 exemplar

Associated Works

The World of Animals (2003) — Editor, algumas edições253 exemplares
Finland: The Land of a Thousand Lakes (1996) — Tradutor, algumas edições21 exemplares

Etiquetado

Conhecimento Comum

Membros

Críticas

Nice little book for young people who are interested in WW2.
 
Assinalado
auldhouse | Oct 22, 2023 |
I've long been interested in orchids. Probably since the age of about 9 or 10 when my uncle Ken took me into his glasshouse. He was, at time, something like the president of the Orchid Growers Association of NSW so he was seriously into growing orchids and his glasshouse was, for me, like entering wonderland. Bright coloured flowers everywhere contrasting with the dark green foliage....I remember lots of reds but not much else about the visit. And, strangely enough, within a few years, Ken seemed to just lose his enthusiasm for orchids and the glasshouse was put to other uses. I think he gave my mother a couple which we had flowering at home for many years. And, from those times, I recall the word Cymbidium...which I knew was some special sort of orchid. But that was about the limit of my knowledge about orchids. And, years later, I've recently purchased this book...basically on a whim...and because it was cheap and I liked the photos.
Well, I have not been disappointed. I think it's quite a lovely book. It's an interesting mixture of the theoretical: about the morphology and nomenclature of Orchids; their geographic distribution, some of the interesting issues associated with their pollination and hybridisation; about growing them and caring for them and quite a large section with great illustrations of the various types of orchids. So it covers a lot of ground. I was especially fascinated by the section on meristem culture of orchids....in part because, I recall, one of my old lecturers had gone to Japan to study this technique....and it was very new at the time. And the potential for plant breeders seemed immense. But I didn't know much about it. Clearly, orchid growers have mastered the techniques because there are now about 25,000 orchid species and some 30,000 new hybrids.....not all produced via meristem culture but by the associated techniques of artificial pollination. (Also explained and illustrated really well).
The common features of an orchid are 3 sepals (coloured usually), and 3 petals with the lower middle petal being the lip or labellum being especially brightly coloured and attractive to insects. The flower is vertically symmetrical ..which has been used as a defining feature of orchids. Most, also appear of produce pseudo-bulbs or thickened stems ....presumably as a defence against drought. And I can recall being absolutely fascinated by finding some native Australian "rock-orchids" (Dendrobium speciosum) on a sandstone overhang in the Hawkesbury river....they were in flower.... when I was about 8 years old and wanting to take them home. (But, being convinced by my dad that they would not survive and were better left where they were....fairly sound advice). They have the rather thickened cane-like pseudo-bulbs. of the Dendrobiums ..more like a swollen stem than a bulb.
I think it's pretty obvious why orchids became popular from the early 1800's: the flowers were spectacular and the variety enormous ......but they were not easy to obtain nor were they easy to rear. England seemed to be a major centre for collectors (though maybe that's just the bias of this particular book......my impression is that the French, the Dutch and the Germans were all fairly avid travellers and collectors). And whilst on the subject we should give some considerable credit to the collectors....both those who were the financier/sponsors (like Joseph Banks or Joseph Paxton) and the actual collectors themselves who plunged into jungles and climbed mountains....many, never to be seen again. And the challenges they faced included tropical diseases like yellow fever and dengue but also the issues of keeping a collection alive on-board ship with salt water spray and heat. Many of the famous natural history collectors (including Joseph Banks and Alfred Russel Wallace) lost their whole collections (from years of work) in shipwrecks. But new varieties attracted high prices and encouraged adventurous young men to take up the role of plant collectors ...so much so that whole areas of trees were cut down simply to harvest the orchids in their upper branches and some species of cattleyas in Brazil became seriously depleted. It's reported that shipments of 10,000 plants were being sent to England.....enough to put some serious local pressure on the species. Around 1850 some of the cooler climate orchids started to find their way to Europe and this opened the field considerably for fanciers. Orchid growers also found that seedlings could be grown in agar in test tubes if infected with the correct mycorrhizal fungi..and in 1922 Knudson at Cornell produced a formula that has been used successfully ever since to artificially grow orchids. (Though my recollection from my botanical studies is that virtually all of the artificial growth media threw in a bit of coconut milk or some other organic component (Banana powder) that was never quite nailed down in terms of what exactly it was contributing to the growth....and Knudson's formula is usually tweaked in some way).
There are some really nice sections about the practicalities of raising orchids...like greenhouse design, orchid diseases etc. but this section (like the whole book) is clearly written for a British audience. In fact, I found this focus to be a bit limiting as I'm well aware of the huge industry of orchid growing in Malaysia and Singapore and also in Japan. In fact, in Japan, I recall examining specimens minutely to try and ascertain whether they were real or artificial plants....it was almost impossible to tell.....so good were the imitations.......which had the advantage that the blooms would last forever..(Well more or less). And the way that the blooms had been trained to fall in a beautiful broad swath was just amazing. Anyway, the issue is that orchids are grown and appreciated all around the world.
One thing mildly annoyed me and that is, I was unable to find a simple botanical key that would help me distinguish between the major species such as: Dendrobiums. Cattleyas, Oncidiums, Cymbidiums, Ontoglossums, Paphiopedilums, Phalaenopsis,Vandas. The pictures of the different species in the second half of the book are a great help and I think I can more or less pick a Vanda from a Dendrobium but not sure about the others. Maybe it's impossible to come up with something simple that is also accurate....and there are a huge number of "minor" species....and a key needs to account for all. There are a few hints about differences like monopodial and sympodial (more or less without a pseudobulb and with a pseudobulb...as far as I could make out). But it's certainly less than clear.
I've employed ChatGPT to develop a key for me and I've included it here for future reference.
If the orchid has tall spikes with large, showy flowers that come in a range of colors, it is likely a Cattleya (Cattleya sp.).
If the orchid has long, narrow leaves and tall spikes with many small flowers that have broad petals and sepals, it is likely a Cymbidium (Cymbidium sp.).
If the orchid has long, thin leaves and a tall spike with many small flowers that have a lip-shaped petal and sepals that flare out like wings, it is likely a Moth Orchid (Phalaenopsis sp.).
If the orchid has long, thin leaves and a tall spike with many small flowers that have long, thin petals and sepals that form a star shape, it is likely a Dendrobium (Dendrobium sp.).
If the orchid has a tall spike with many small flowers that have a lip-shaped petal and sepals that form a hood over the flower, it is likely a Slipper Orchid (Paphiopedilum sp.).
If the orchid has tall spikes with many small flowers that have long, narrow petals and sepals that form a tube, it is likely an Odontoglossum (Odontoglossum sp.).
If the orchid has long, narrow leaves and tall spikes with many small flowers that come in a range of colors, it is likely a Vanda (Vanda sp.).
It was first printed in 1980 so now is about 40 years old, but to my mind, it hasn't dated too much. Anyway, overall, I was quite enchanted by the book and happy to give it five stars.
… (mais)
 
Assinalado
booktsunami | Feb 24, 2023 |

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Estatísticas

Obras
230
Also by
2
Membros
3,196
Popularidade
#8,001
Avaliação
½ 3.5
Críticas
22
ISBN
902
Línguas
27

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