Brodbeck offers a nuanced look at the intersection of music, cultural identity, and political ideology in Liberal Vienna by examining music-critical writing about Carl Goldmark, Antoni n Dvor a k, and Bedr ich Smetana, Austrian citizens but not ethnic Germans. The critical reception of the three reveals a continuum of exclusivity, from a conception of Germanness rooted in social class and cultural elitism to one based in blood. The book thus offers insight into how educated German Austrians conceived of Germanness in music and understood their relationship to the 'non-Germans' in their midst.