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Vie et passion d'un gastronome chinois (1983)

por Wenfu Lu

Outros autores: Ver a secção outros autores.

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825326,924 (4.04)7
Seven stories depict the lives of ordinary Chinese citizens during recent political and social upheavals in their homeland.
Adicionado recentemente porprengel90, KathaKevin, LolaWalser, Mikefrance, swiftlina, NcyLai
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Un drôle de phénomène, la gourmandise ! Elle rend les pauvres haineux au point de les pousser à casser les bons restaurants, mais dès qu’ils ont quelque argent, elle les y attire en rangs serrés, tremblants de ne pouvoir entrer ou de mal manger !
(p. 95-96, Chapitre 6, “Le goût chez les hommes”).

On entend parfois dire que la Chine est l’autre pays de la gastronomie, du moins quand on se veut un Français magnanime et large d’esprit capable d’accorder un accessit à une autre nation pour ses talents culinaires. Dans un sens, la botte de carottes en couverture de l’édition Picquier ne rend pas compte de la complexité des plus grands plats chinois, dont quelques uns sont mentionnés dans ce livre, des plats dont le seul nom peut faire venir l’eau à la bouche ou font voyager, crevettes sautées, oie braisée au marc de vin, poumons (sic) de barbeau, porc confit au sucre candi et autres soupes de nouille du petit jour.
Mais au contraire, le simple fait d’ériger en œuvre d’art une botte de carotte montre le profond enracinement de la gastronomie dans la culture chinoise. Et si au premier abord on peut croire que Lu Wenfu aborde l’histoire mouvementée de son pays dans la seconde moitié du XXème siècle par le petit bout de la lorgnette, ce serait faire peu de cas de ce qu’est l’art de manger et l’art du banquet en Chine. Au contraire, Lu Wenfu ne craint pas de s’attaquer à un monument, une institution, et si son propos peut paraître inoffensif (une bonne façon de tromper une censure plus ou moins implicite ?), et les lecteurs ne s’y sont pas trompé puisque, comme le signale la préface, ce livre a fait grand bruit au moment de sa sortie en Chine.
Il est possible que le lecteur occidental lambda (au nombre desquels je me compte) ayant un peu de mal à décrypter toutes les allusions, allégories et sous-entendu ait du mal à voir à quel point ce livre a pu être subversif, mais ce sentiment est compensé par la sensation d’exotisme à l’évocation de tous les plaisirs culinaires de la douce ville de Suzhou.

Voilà donc un roman assez court, qui balaie environ quarante ans de l’histoire de Chine en comptant les péripéties de l’affrontement entre Zhu Ziye, spéculateur avant la révolution qui continuera à jouir de sa fortune même si pour cela il devra apprendre à se cacher et Gao Xiaoting, communiste convaincu, pauvre mais lettré, qui abhorre la cuisine fine, emblème de la différence de classe et se retrouve par un coup du sort directeur du restaurant le plus renommé de Suzhou, une ville déjà elle-même renommée pour ses spécialités gastronomiques.
On vivra par les yeux de ces deux personnages l’arrivée du communisme, le Grand Bond en Avant et la victoire de la vie en communauté et de l’utilitarisme, puis la Révolution Culturelle et ses dérives, puis tous les soubresauts qui se succèderont, jusqu’à enfin les prémisses du capitalisme à la chinoise. On pourrait croire qu’à l’issue de tous ces évènements on ne fait que revenir à la situation initiale, avec les mêmes restaurants, la même cuisine, et finalement à peu près les mêmes riches et les mêmes pauvres. Ce n’est peut-être pas tout à fait faux, et c’est la continuité culturelle qu’incarne la gastronomie, mais les choses ne sont pas tout à fait les mêmes non plus, de nouveaux plats apparaissent, et les personnages ont évolué. Lu Wenfu veut-il nous dire que c’est cela la Chine éternelle, à la fois semblable et différente de ce qu’elle était il y a un demi-siècle ? Peut-être, mais ce serait probablement réduire son propos que de se limiter à cette interprétation.
C’est en tout cas une ode à la Chine qu’il aime, celle des plaisirs du palais, des encas achetés au coin de la rue, celle d’une culture qui s’enracine dans un passé riche et continue à évoluer et à se transformer. Une lecture très agréable, facile, qui peut sembler légère alors qu’elle dit beaucoup. Une très bonne découverte, et une envie de voir s’il n’y a pas un restaurant chinois qui proposerait des spécialités de Suzhou près de chez moi…
1 vote raton-liseur | Mar 28, 2014 |
Une vrai délice de lecture. A travers une épopée culinaire, Lu Wenfu, nous raconte un pan de l'histoire chinoise. Il nous raconte cette histoire avec un humour grinçant qui s'avère réjouissant. ( )
  Toberlan | Nov 30, 2010 |
Kirja ei kiipeä maailmankirjallisuuden ykkösluokkaan, mutta on elävä kurkistus Kiinan historiaan. Hiljainen huumori sävyttää erityisesti ruoan ystäville suositeltavaa kirjaa. ( )
  virpiloi | Jul 19, 2009 |
Le titre ne m'inspirait pas plus que cela et c'est sans grande passion que j'ai ouvert ce roman. Puis je l'ai dévoré. Des petits plats, il y en a et on fait des découvertes, c'est sûr. On découvre la gastronomie de Suzhou, on découvre aussi 40 ans d'histoire contemporaine chinoise, mais sur un ton léger, plein d'humour: Gao Xiaoting en veut beaucoup au goinfre et gastronome Zhu Ziye: petit, il se sentait humilié de devoir le servir, lui le pauvre, tandis que Zhu passait ses journées à se délecter de son oisiveté entre ses repas raffinés. Devenu adulte, il prend l'engeance bourgeoise et oisive, personnalisée par Zhu, comme cible de ses réformes communistes, mais surtout de sa vengeance. Mais lui, comme Zhu, se laisse dépasser par l'ironie du sort et les évènements historiques.

C'est donc avec beaucoup d'humour que Lu Wenfu décrit cette opposition entre deux personnages radicalement opposés, mais que tout réunit ( )
1 vote MbuTseTseFly | May 16, 2008 |
The Gourmet and Other Stories of Modern China by Wenfu Lu

A Decade of Upheaval…., June 25, 2000

I want to review The Gourmet and Other Stories of Modern China by focusing on one jewel of a story by Lu Wenfu (1928-), who suffered long and hard from the horrors of the communist regime and understands in his fiction, as in the writings of Fang Lizhi, Wei Jingsheng, and Harry Wu, that communism’s most egregious crime is its stifling of the human spirit. As a young man, he fought in the Red army against the Koumintang and dreamed of the “happy society” socialism would usher in. Like so many writers, in 1957, he was denounced as a Rightist, during the Hundred Flowers purge and the Great Leap Forward, and sentenced to manual labor to reform his thinking. After three years of running a machine lathe, he was deemed reformed and allowed again to write. Then, in 1965, Mao took China down the violent path of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, and Lu Wenfu was once more denounced and sentenced, this time, to the life of a mechanic. He later wrote of his experience during the Cultural Revolution:

“I was ’struggled against,’ forced to confess my crimes and paraded through the streets with a placard around my neck. I was already numb to the pain, and worried about when this disaster for my country would end.”

Finally, in 1969, he was sent out to the countryside where he farmed for several years. For more than a decade, Lu Wenfu wrote nothing until after the Cultural Revolution ended with Mao’s death in 1976. What little was left of the traditional culture had been trashed; the ruthless persecution of “stinking intellectuals” like Lu Wenfu had been encouraged by Mao himself; thousands of Taoist and Buddhist temples and relics had been destroyed; millions of lives ruined; perhaps as many as 400,000 individual human beings murdered.

In 1979, Lu Wenfu wrote his brilliant short story “The Man from a Peddler’s Family.” Into it he poured all the sufferings of his life. The story begins with the protagonist, Mr. Gao, reflecting on Zhu Yuanda, a seller of wonton. Thirty-two years ago, Mr. Gao had heard for the first time the sound of his bamboo clapper, announcing the advance down the lane of the little kitchen stove on its carrying pole, figuratively “calling or relating something.” Zhu Yuanda came from a long line of street vendors, generation after generation, reaching back into the distant dynasties. Following in the footsteps of his father, he continues the family trade. At the time, apparently 1947, Mr. Gao is out of regular work and must sit up late at night, in an unheated room, grading student notebooks for a bare existence. After the Beijing Opera let out late, Zhu Yuanda would bring him “a little warmth,” a hot bowl of wonton to his “main customer.” Though formerly friends, after the liberation of 1949, Mr. Gao, now a cadre, considers Zhu beneath him. Occasionally, he would still hear the clapper, “calling, saying something.” Gao remembers, as the Anti-Rightist campaign and Great Leap Forward raged, “I never bought anything from him and I wouldn’t allow my wife or children to go. I believed that buying his things was aiding the spontaneous rise of capitalism.” The Anti-Rightist struggles continue, disturbing Gao, until, in what may be an allusion to Buddhism, he ponders how “The world seemed out of joint.” Lu Wenfu is clearly suggesting there is something more to the business of the clapper than just petty bourgeois capitalism.

Yet Mr. Gao goes through his own internal struggles and battles. For a time he attempts to correct or reform Zhu Yuanda, and later tries to ignore or forget him, hoping to save his own skin from the social upheavals. They had, though, formerly shared “a genuine affection,” one that Gao cannot entirely forget despite his position within the communist order. Back and forth, he meditates on Zhu, finding him sometimes to be a capitalist, at others, one of the proletariat: “And then a thunderclap split the earth. The bugles of the Cultural Revolution were sounded, announcing the end of all capitalism.” Gao himself becomes implicated in the madness and is “publicly criticized and denounced.” He manages to avoid his own destruction but happens past Zhu Yuanda’s house one day to find it and him in the midst of a horde of Red Guards smashing the “Evil Den of Capitalism.” Gao, himself a cadre, knows better. He knows Zhu is a simple, decent man attempting only to feed his father, mother, wife, and four children, by, as he says, “my own efforts.” In brilliant words, Lu Wenfu undercuts with scathing irony the pious, radical beliefs of decades of revolutionaries like Lu Xun, when Gao thinks, of the Red Guard’s destruction of everything Zhu Yuanda owned, “How could a noble theory produce such piracy as this!” The worst offense is when the “wonton carrying-pole was dragged out,” “a thing of exquisite workmanship,” a thing redolent of the past, of the best of Chinese traditions, and shamelessly hacked into splinters. Zhu’s family is reduced “to picking up garbage in the streets” in order to make ends meet. Lest the reader imagine Zhu was an exception, Lu Wenfu emphasizes that the seller of wonton was only one of many on the same street who suffered when he mentions the hot water boiler, the cobbler, the barber, and the flatbread seller as all meeting the same pitiless fate.

Like hundreds of thousands of real human beings, Zhu is sent to the countryside for reeducation. Eight years go by. Gao hears nothing of Zhu. Unexpectedly one day Gao hears that Zhu’s sons are working in a local factory and later that Zhu himself is back. Before leaving, Zhu had given Gao the only thing that had somehow escaped destruction, the bamboo clapper. Gao, imagining he’ll now want to return to his old business, begins to anticipate it. In a moment of fantasy, Gao remembers how as a young man he heard the sound of the clapper coming up the lane and thinks that now people will hear again Zhu Yuanda’s approach: “Their lives, too, demand that there be others bringing them warmth and convenience. It had taken me more than twenty years to learn this elementary lesson.” It had actually taken more than thirty years, and I wonder if Lu Wenfu is not hoping here that China itself has finally learnt the lesson after its “decade of disaster.” I myself am not so sure. No longer interested in his clapper or selling wonton, Zhu longs only for an iron rice bowl for his children and himself. As Zhu leaves, Gao watches him walk down the street and poignantly thinks, “In these past years I and others had hurt him. We had stifled so much spirit.” All the dreams and theories brought to naught by the broken stature of a ruined man. As in other modern Chinese writers, such pathos takes place against a social background intentionally drained of Confucian, Buddhist, and Taoist morality and transcendence.

Frederick Glaysher
http://www.fglaysher.com
  fglaysher | Apr 2, 2008 |
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