Environment; tribal territories, for Kamilaroi, Wonaruah, Geawegal, Gringal, Awabakal and Worimi inter-tribal ceremonies and trade; European views of Aborigines at contact; Kamilaroi expansion into Hunter Valley; Aboriginal demography; effects of smallpox and venereal disease; bark huts, canoes, cards and baskets, wooden bowls, shields, clubs, yamsticks, boomerangs, spears, spearthrowers, hatchets, shell scrapers, bone awls, skin clothes; food of plants, shellfish, fish, meat; methods of fishing and hunting; rituals and sites for initiation and burial; cave paintings, rock engravings; campsites.