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Essay on the Freedom of the Will (1989)

por Arthur Schopenhauer

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Written in 1839 and chosen as the winning entry in a competition held by the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences, Schopenhauer's Prize Essay on the Freedom of the Will marked the beginning of its author's public recognition and is widely regarded as one of the most brilliant and elegant treatments of free will and determinism. Schopenhauer distinguishes the freedom of acting from the freedom of willing, affirming the former while denying the latter. He portrays human action as thoroughly determined but also argues that the freedom which cannot be established in the sphere of human action is preserved at the level of our innermost being as individuated will, whose reality transcends all dependency on outside factors. This volume offers the text in a previously unpublished translation by Eric F. J. Payne, the leading twentieth-century translator of Schopenhauer into English, together with a historical and philosophical introduction by Günter Zöller.… (mais)
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A great piece by Shopenhauer, in his entertaining arrogant pessimistic style. His thesis is quite convincing, but in my opinion contains a few flaws and he jumps to conclusions too fast sometimes (perhaps because he explains those things more eleborate in his main works), but overall a very interesting and easy-to-read essential work of philosophy. ( )
  Boreque | Feb 7, 2022 |
Schopenhauer neemt een vrij klassiek standpunt in: onze handelingen zijn onderdeel van een deterministische natuur, en dat betekent dat ze dus niet vrij zijn. Schopenhauer hamert erop dat de illusie van vrijheid ontstaat doordat we de ware uitspraak "ik kan doen wat ik wil" verwarren met de onware uitspraak "ik kan willen wat ik wil".

In de loop van het essay poneert Schopenhauer een aantal interessante en soms ontluisterende ideeën. Onder die laatste noemer valt zeker zijn claim dat het menselijk karakter onveranderlijk is, dat wie ik ben tijdens mijn leven een constante is en dat mensen altijd op dezelfde manier blijven handelen. Dat is een ontkenning van vrijheid van een radicalere soort dan het klassieke idee waarmee ik de bespreking begon; maar de argumenten die Schopenhauer ervoor geeft zijn buitengewoon zwak. Verder interessant is zijn proto-existentialistische claim dat als de mens vrij is, hij een wezen moet zijn dat wel een existentie maar geen essentie heeft. Voor Schopenhauer houdt dit een tegenspraak in, maar we zien wel hoe hier de deur opengezet wordt voor Heidegger en Sartre.

Aan het eind van het essay blijkt overigens ineens en totaal onverwacht dat Schopenhauer stiekem toch in vrijheid gelooft, namelijk naar het model van Kant: als intelligibele wezens zijn we wel degelijk vrij, ook al zijn we als empirische wezens gedetermineerd.

Het in de Wereldbibliotheek-uitgave toegevoegde essay van Thomas Mann is zeer lezenswaardig. ( )
  victorgijsbers | Feb 28, 2019 |
Schopenhauer submitted this essay on free will and determinism to an 1839 competition of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and won the prize for his lucid expression and compelling arguments. He argues in favor of determinism in the realm of human action, asserting that the only existing freedom lies in a realm beyond the limited physical world of appearances, in the realm of the pure non-individuated will. Because we are what we will, we can only ever will a single thing in a given moment, and can only ever do what is dictated by our innermost will. Freedom of the will in this sense is a delusion. Our actions are at all times determined by the specific attributes that make up our character, and from this there is no escape. We are free to act on motives, to do what we will, but we simply have no choice but to will.
  AMD3075 | Feb 24, 2014 |
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Written in 1839 and chosen as the winning entry in a competition held by the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences, Schopenhauer's Prize Essay on the Freedom of the Will marked the beginning of its author's public recognition and is widely regarded as one of the most brilliant and elegant treatments of free will and determinism. Schopenhauer distinguishes the freedom of acting from the freedom of willing, affirming the former while denying the latter. He portrays human action as thoroughly determined but also argues that the freedom which cannot be established in the sphere of human action is preserved at the level of our innermost being as individuated will, whose reality transcends all dependency on outside factors. This volume offers the text in a previously unpublished translation by Eric F. J. Payne, the leading twentieth-century translator of Schopenhauer into English, together with a historical and philosophical introduction by Günter Zöller.

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