William Caxton

Caxton printed two editions of this book. The second has woodcuts minor textual variants. This is essentially a reprint of the second edition. A very nicely made book with good critical apparatus, lacking only a pronunciation guide. Chaucer and I have reached a compromise whereby I pronounce him however the hell I like but I do it the same all the time. Caxton is Middle English but it's on the cusp, so nearly modern, I wasn't quite sure what I was doing. In the end, this not being poetry, I just translated as I read.

I can see why this was so popular at the time with its chatty style and excellent anecdotes. I think it's also worth noting that at a time when books were only for the rich this book reinforces the feudal status quo. Today its perhaps most interesting for the picture it paints of a society now gone. It also has a reference to first sleep. I lived without electricity for some months and can personally attest to this phenomenon. I had been told it was recorded in a number of medieval texts but this is the first time I have myself come across a reference.… (mais)

"And this booke is maad for nede and prouffyte of all god folke / As fer as they in redynge or heeryng of it shall mowe vnderstande and fele the forsayd subtyl deceytes that dayly ben vsed in the worlde / not to thentente that men shold eschewe and kepe hym from the subtyl and false shrewis that they be not deceyuyd." And so begins William Caxton's 1481 translation of the medieval beast epic concerning Reynard the Fox, in which the cunning vulpine hero triumphs over his enemy, Isegrim the Wolf, and is twice exonerated in the court of King Noble the Lion, despite overwhelming odds against him. The moral ambiguity of the tale is early hinted at, in the introductory passage quoted above, as Caxton (and presumably his source before him, the Dutchman Gheraert Leeu), directs his readers toward the 'correct' interpretation of the tale: i.e. that it provides a warning about the cunning villains in this world, who, like Reynard, use their subtle wiles to manipulate others and get their way. And Reynard is certainly a master manipulator! His unerring sense of what tack to use, in persuading others to do as he wishes, makes for a number of humorous passages.

Caxton's Reynard is an important book for many reasons. It represents the first time that the full history of Reynard, which originally appeared in the mid-twelfth century in the Latin poem The Ysengrimus, before making its way into the French (Le Roman de Renart), German (Reinhart Fuchs) and Dutch (Reynaert de Vos) traditions, appeared in English. Although certain elements of the story had appeared before - the story of Reynard and Chanticleer can be found in Chaucer's The Nun's Priest's Tale of the Cock and the Fox, in his Canterbury Tales, and there is a Middle English poem, The Fox and the Wolf, which contains some of Reynard and Isegrim's rivalry - Caxton marks the point at which Reynard's full story enters the English language. The book is also significant because it was one of the earliest printed books in English. Caxton was the first to use the printing press for English language work, beginning in 1473, so his Reynard was created as part of a revolutionary new development in English letters. It is also significant because it was written at a time of great change in the English language itself, coming at the end of the medieval and dawn of the modern periods in England, as Middle English was giving way to its modern descendent.

As a contemporary reader, I sometimes found the language here challenging. It is less familiar than Shakespeare's English, but more intelligible that Chaucer's (naturally). Fortunately, the edition I read, printed in 1970 by Oxford University Press, included a glossary at the rear. Certain archaic words, such as 'dasse,' the old word for a badger, greatly appealed to me! Other words were borrowed by Caxton from his Dutch original, the prose Die Historie van Reynaert de Vos. Although not a text I used directly for my dissertation on children's retellings of Reynard, this was (of course) my starting point, in terms of my more general research into Reynard in English. I'm not sure to whom I would recommend it. Reynard lovers, obviously. Also, perhaps, to those interested in early modern English texts.… (mais)